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Parent?child communication is another dimension or process in family relationships, and its association with adolescent pregnancy risk has been investigated in more than 30 studies . Results across these studies are so variable and discrepant that no simple, direct effect is discernible. There is little or no agreement between what parents and teens perceive to have been communicated between them , and there is no consistency in findings about whether parents? or teens? reports of their communication are related to adolescent pregnancy risk. In most studies that have tested these relationships by parent and child gender, mothers? communication is more likely to be associated with adolescent pregnancy risk variables than father?s communication, and there is a stronger effect for daughters than for sons. Several important conceptual and methodological issues complicate our understanding of the association between parent?child communication and adolescent pregnancy risk . One is the temporal ordering of variables; there is a theoretical basis for prior parent?child sexual communication to predict more responsible adolescent sexual behavior, especially if parents disapprove of their child?s having sex and there is a close parent?child relationship. On the other hand, if teen sexual behaviors are known to, or suspected by parents, they might begin or intensify their communication with teens about sex and contraception. Adolescent Pregnancy 573 Further, associations between parent/teen communication and adolescent sexual behavior are moderated by parents? values. Researchers have demonstrated that parents? sexual values, in combination with parent?child communication, have an important effect on adolescents? intercourse experience. Mediating mechanisms have been identified that could help explain how parent/ child relationships influence adolescents? sexual behavior. For example, in one study the effects of parental warmth and involvement in the seventh grade were shown to affect teen pregnancy status in 12th grade through intervening mechanisms such as deviant peer affiliations, substance use, delinquency, and academic competence. Results of other studies indicate that parent?child closeness is related to mediating mechanisms such as teens? attitudes about having intercourse, teens? depression, impulse control, academic and prosocial activities, and teens? use of substances and association with sexually active peers, all of which are related to adolescent sexual behavior and pregnancy. In particular, several investigators have suggested that a lack of closeness in the parent?teen relationship increases the negative influence of peers on adolescent sexual activity. On the positive side, parent?child closeness and involvement can reduce teen sexual behavior by enhancing educational achievement, providing youth with opportunities to develop prosocial skills, and helping teens acquire a sense of competence and worth .
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ScienceDaily (May 29, 2012) ? Since the beginning of the 20th century, an estimated 3 percent of all executions in the United States were "botched," according to Amherst College Professor Austin Sarat and a team of undergraduate researchers. The group found that, of approximately 9,000 capital punishments that took place in the country from 1900 to 2011, 270 of them involved some problem in carrying out the death penalty.
"Given the gravity of the decision to put someone to death and the constitutional prohibition of cruel punishment," said Sarat, the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Science, "the fact that 3 out of every 100 executions are messed up should be a cause of serious concern to all Americans."
By culling through detailed and often grisly newspaper accounts of capital punishments that occurred over the past 111 years, Sarat and his team created a database -- the only one of its kind, said Sarat -- of all of the mentions of what he describes as "departures from the protocol of killing someone sentenced to death." He explained that such departures included, among other things, instances in which inmates caught fire while being electrocuted, were strangled during hangings (instead of having their necks broken) or were administered the wrong dosages of specific drugs for lethal injections.
"What was particularly interesting was the way the media represented these events in the early part of the 1900s," said Sarat. He and his team published a paper about this aspect of their work -- the cultural reception of botched executions from 1890 to 1920 -- in the current issue of the British Journal of American Legal Studies and also discussed it at the meeting of the Association for the Study of Law, Culture and the Humanities in Fort Worth, Texas, this past March. "In the vast majority of the stories about the botched executions, the narratives were both sensational and what we called 'recuperative' -- reporters consistently made the point that, despite the gruesomeness of the proceedings, the inmates didn't suffer, that justice was done. There was very little criticism of the process or questioning of the death penalty itself. The stories were used to sell newspapers and nothing else."
Sarat also noted that the group's analysis revealed that while the American penal system has gotten better at administering the death penalty, modern society demands more of the process -- that the killing not be more painful than necessary, in particular -- so that the acceptable margin of error is smaller today than it ever has been. As a result, capital punishments gone wrong are as much an issue in the 21st century as they were in the 20th.
Sarat cited the case of Romell Broom in Ohio in September of 2009 as one recent example of a botched execution. Efforts to find a suitable vein through which prison officials could inject a lethal dose of drugs were terminated after more than two hours of trying. Broom repeatedly grimaced in pain throughout the excruciating process and even attempted, at points, to help his executioners find a vein. Finally, Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland put a halt to the execution and ordered a one-week reprieve.
"In my view, no procedure like the one Romell Broom experienced can comport with our constitutional commitment to avoid cruelty in punishment," said Sarat.
What struck student researcher Heather Richard the most was the fact that, in the early 1900s, newspapers didn't just publish articles about executions in vivid, morbid detail; they often made accounts more shocking by deliberately changing the facts. One Associated Press wire piece in 1922, for example, described the electrocution of James Wells on March 10 after 11 unsuccessful attempts. In the original story, Richard noted, the reporter wrote that "fully twenty minutes were consumed in putting him to death" and that the punishment was carried out by an "inexperienced executioner." The Ogden, Utah, Standard-Examiner ran the piece but edited the first phrase to read "few minutes were consumed in putting him to death" and described the executioner as "experienced." This was just one of many instances in which particular papers were loose with the facts, said Richard.
"We all found it fascinating that these editors and reporters took what is already an incredibly sensational event -- a botched execution -- and made it even more sensational by changing the details," she said. "And on top of that, the institution of capital punishment was not really examined or critiqued. It certainly says something about the newspapers and their readers."
Sarat agreed. "How a society punishes, and then talks about it, reveals its true character," he said. "Punishment tells us who we are. The way a society punishes demonstrates its commitment to standards of judgment and justice, its distinctive views of blame and responsibility, its understandings of mercy and forgiveness and its particular ways of responding to evil."
"Sadly," he said, "our attachment to the death penalty reveals an unpleasant, unseemly side of American character."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Amherst College, via Newswise.
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Journal Reference:
Austin Sarat, Aubrey Jones, Madeline Sprung-Keyser, Katherine Blumstein, Heather Richard, Robert Weaver. Gruesome Spectacles: The Cultural Reception of Botched Executions in America. British Journal of American Legal Studies, 2012
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Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Mumbai, May 27: An India-Pakistan media conclave here has urged the two countries to cut their military expenditure and focus more on socio-economic development.
?Increasing tensions between India and Pakistan, piling up of arms worth billions of dollars, helps only arms merchants of the US and other countries? and is not in the interests of India and Pakistan,? Karachi Press Club president Tahir Hasan Khan said Saturday.
Khan, who is leading a 14-member Pakistani media delegation on a week-long visit to Mumbai and Pune, said he and his colleagues saw many homeless people sleeping on the pavements here.
?It is similar to the situation in Karachi and other (Pakistani) cities. The (two) governments must spend more on poverty alleviation and creating jobs rather than mindless spending on purchase of arms,? he said.
Karamat Ali, executive director of the Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research, said the US has been ?fooling? both Pakistan and India to benefit arms manufacturers.
Ali pointed out that how the US kept Pakistan hanging for years over an F-16 fighter planes deal and finally delivered the aircraft only to save around 5,000 jobs in its defence manufacturing sector.
?When India protests, the US offers F-18 planes to it. You can see how the US is benefiting by keeping both India and Pakistan at loggerheads,? Ali said.
Peace activist Jatin Desai said it was high time the media of both countries addressed issues like food, clothing and shelter.
The conclave was presided over by Navi Mumbai Mayor Sagar Naik. The Pakistanis are in India on the invitation of the Press Club, Mumbai.
The Isle of Lewis will become a bird sanctuary with no human occupants if wind farms are opposed, a landowner has warned.
Estate owner Nick Oppenheim told BBC Scotland that a planned extension to a wind farm would secure 150 jobs.
RSPB Scotland has voiced "serious alarm" at moves to expand a proposed 39-turbine development on the island's Eisgein Estate by 30 turbines.
The area has one of the highest densities of golden eagles in Europe.
International Power GDF Suez acquired the rights to the 39-turbine project from Mr Oppenheim in April.
Mr Oppenheim's company, Uisinis Power has now sought permission from Scottish ministers to start the moves towards an expansion.
International Power GDF Suez could potentially acquire the rights to the extension if approved.
'Without people'
Mr Oppenheim said the projects would help to slow depopulation of the island.
He said: "The extension will provide continuity for the 150 men taken on to build the first wind farm.
"Without that continuity they will lose their jobs.
"On Lewis the population has been in decline for many years. The population of eagles - both white-tailed and golden - has been in the ascendance now for many years."
Mr Oppenheim added: "If RSPB have their way and this trend is encouraged, Lewis will become a bird sanctuary without people."
RSPB Scotland said it was not opposed to wind power developments as a way of reducing carbon emissions and where it believed turbines do not pose serious threats to wildlife, or habitats.
However, it has strongly opposed the 39-turbine Eisgein project and the planned extension.
The charity said it believed the bird survey techniques used in putting together the planning applications were inadequate and underestimated the importance of the site to eagles.
There are many options available if you want to control your appliances over WiFi, but how about an oven with its own SIM card and phone number? That's exactly what AGA has done with its latest kitchen-oriented offering, the iTotal Control range cooker. Regardless of whether you're cooking in one, or all three of its ovens, sending an SMS message to this smart appliance lets you control each one. It even texts you back to confirm whether your commands like "baking oven on" successfully initiate. The cooker naturally works over WiFi as well, giving you an on-screen emulation of its control panel on either your computer's web browser or AGA's iOS and Android apps. An external GSM remote access device -- basically a router / modem -- connects to the appliance to make it all happen, with cellular service provided by Orange. Ready to get cooking? The iTotal Control is set to sell for a hefty base-price of £10,090 (~$15,826), and you'll also be tied to a one-year contract with Orange for £5.95 (~$9) a month to enable the texting functionality. Simmer over the details at the source link below.
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President Barack Obama faces new warning signs in a once-promising Southern state and typically Democratic-voting Midwestern states roughly five months before the election even as he benefits nationally from encouraging economic news.
Obama's new worries about North Carolina and Wisconsin offer opportunities for Republican Mitt Romney, who must peel off states Obama won in 2008 if he's to cobble together the 270 electoral votes needed to oust the incumbent in November.
Iowa, which kicked off the campaign in January, is now expected to be tight to the finish, while New Mexico, thought early to be pivotal, seems to be drifting into Democratic territory.
If the election were today, Obama would likely win 247 electoral votes to Romney's 206, according to an Associated Press analysis of polls, ad spending and key developments in states, along with interviews with more than a dozen Republican and Democratic strategists both inside and outside of the two campaigns.
Seven states, offering a combined 85 electoral votes, are viewed as too close to give either candidate a meaningful advantage: Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio and Virginia.
"As of today, the advantage still lies with the president, but there is a long and hard road ahead in this election," said Tad Devine, who was a top strategist to Democratic presidential candidates Al Gore and John Kerry but isn't directly involved in this year's race.
If Romney wins all the states Republican John McCain carried in 2008 plus North Carolina, as trends today suggest he would, he would still need 64 electoral votes to hit the magic number. That would require him to win a majority of the states that are up for grabs.
Obama, on the other hand, faces the costly and labor-intensive challenge of defending those states in a much different environment than the one he enjoyed four years ago.
Big-spending, pro-Romney political committees are certain to be a factor, and already are running heavy levels of television ads in states where Obama is vulnerable, such as Florida.
But Obama's early spending ? more than $30 million on advertising before Memorial Day ? and new glimmers of economic hope across the battleground states demonstrate the size of Romney's challenge.
The race is expected to be close, and the past six weeks have been volatile.
North Carolina is a case in point.
Obama announced his support for gay marriage on May 9, one day after 60 percent of North Carolina voters approved a constitutional ban. "That issue definitely hurts him down there," said veteran Republican presidential campaign strategist Charlie Black, a top aide to 2008 nominee McCain. Black's not directly involved in this year's race but is an informal adviser to Romney.
North Carolina's high African American and young voter population, keys to Obama's 2008 wins there, give him the edge, aides say. And the president so far has spent heavily there, $2.7 million on television, according to reports provided to the AP.
But Democratic Gov. Bev Perdue gave Republicans an opening by not seeking re-election this year. And union leaders, a key Democratic constituency, are upset that this summer's Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, N.C., is being held in a state where union rights are weak.
In Wisconsin, embattled Republican Gov. Scott Walker's improving fortunes as a contentious June 5 recall election approaches could alter that state's landscape. Walker, who sparked mass protests by signing anti-union legislation last year, has pulled narrowly ahead of Democratic Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett in recent polls.
If Walker survives, Romney aides say they have a real chance to carry Wisconsin, which no Republican has done since Ronald Reagan in 1984.
"I don't think there's been any better dress rehearsal for a presidential election than what's going on in Wisconsin right now," said Rich Beeson, political director for the former Massachusetts governor.
Indeed, the Wisconsin recall could signal a GOP shift in an arc of states from Iowa to Pennsylvania that have reliably voted Democratic in presidential elections for a generation.
"Whether Walker wins or doesn't is going to be a big indicator of how Wisconsin goes, and how the whole upper Midwest goes," said Iowa's Republican Gov. Terry Branstad.
Romney has signaled plans to contest Iowa, where Obama's 2008 caucus win propelled him to the Democratic nomination. Romney also sees opportunity in his native Michigan, where Democratic presidential candidates have won since 1988.
Bright spots are developing for Obama, too.
Public polls this month showed the president narrowly ahead in Virginia, a Southern state Republicans had carried nine times before Obama won it in 2008. Obama's advantage among Latino voters is moving New Mexico his way. Neither campaign nor the super PACs have advertised there, despite close finishes in 2000 and 2004.
Obama also has seized on new economic data that could give him a lift across the contested map. April unemployment ticked downward in all of the up-for-grabs states except Colorado as Obama and Romney have fought over who is best equipped to lead an economic recovery.
In Des Moines, Iowa, this month, Romney blamed Obama's spending for the recovery's slow pace. A week later, on the other side of town, Obama said Romney's career as a private equity executive was more suited for the boardroom than the Oval Office.
Obama's attack dovetails with scathing ads on Romney's career at the head of Bain Capital, which ran briefly in Colorado, Iowa, Pennsylvania and Virginia. They remained on the air last week in Ohio, where Obama aides say Romney's opposition to the auto industry bailout in 2009 hurts him with workers in the region's auto manufacturing sector.
Obama has had an edge in getting out his message. For nearly two months, his campaign has aired spots across 11 states, heaviest in Florida, Iowa, Ohio and Virginia, according to the ad-tracking reports.
Romney has only been airing ads for two weeks in four states. But super PACs that support him have helped shave Obama's advertising edge, airing $10 million in ads across 10 states.
Obama aides point to an edge in state-by-state organizing that could be the deciding factor in a close election. While Romney is quickly arranging with the Republican National Committee to deploy staff to various battlegrounds, Obama's campaign has been up and running for years.
Said Democratic strategist Devine: "The president and his campaign have a real and potentially decisive advantage on the ground."
Sotheby's is auctioning off a little piece of Apple history: an engineering memo penned by an unbearable teenage Steve Jobs before Apple even existed—the earliest known document the man produced. More »
Senior Nick Mezzadri went 3-for-4 with three runs batted in and two runs scored, leading Bellingham (15-4) to a 10-3 non-league baseball victory over Blackstone-Millville (8-9) yesterday.
Blackhawks starter Connor Birch threw four shutout innings for the win.
Nick Crivello had an RBI double and reached base three times, and Matt Nordquist had two hits and a run scored for the Chargers.
ST. JOHN?S 6, ALGONQUIN 3: Milak Daly and Tim Benson each scored a run and had an RBI for the Tomahawks (11-9) in a non-league loss to St. John?s.
WELLESLEY 9, MEDFIELD 1: John Picking went 2-for-3 with two RBIs as Wellesley (13-7) won its regular season finale over visiting Medfield.
Tim Superko and Avery Brooks each went 2-for-4 with two RBI for the Raiders, who will play in the Division 2 state tournament. Matt Lawrence went 2-for-3.
Facing numerous of guise weight loss and fitness equipments, many people do not know which one to buy. Many websites, such as GymShorts.com can give the information you need. Online you can have many choices and also introduced basic knowledge of how to choose suitable fitness equipment for you and your friends. Functional fitness equipment is suitable for middle-aged and old people to use for the purpose of fitness and longevity. People physically fit may make use of the treadmill and exercise bike and Darts. People of poor health can choose a variety of massages. On the market today there is a magic swing fitness machine particularly suitable for these people. Bodybuilding fitness equipment is for the woman. 34 pound dumbbell, abdomen device, fitness turntable, gymnastics mats and other small necessities, as well as some relaxing and small-scale magnetic machine and massage can all be used for losing weight. Leisure fitness equipment is for office workers to relax themselves. Office workers are relatively easy to get tried. Leisure fitness equipment, such as climb, exercise bike, rowing, can refresh such people. Growing fitness is for young people to loose weight. Young people need a more comprehensive and scientific method to loose weight. Sit-bracket, pull, dumbbell and grip strength are good choice.
In Car Entertainment Systems or ICE systems refer to all modern multimedia devices in vehicles that function as entertainment, recreational and utility systems. These include all audio/video and navigational devices.
Although Car Audio systems fall under this category, it will be fair to say that they also have their own separate existence.
The concept of In Car Entertainment has been around ever since the first vehicles hit the road and it has been evolving ever since. Modern ICEs comprise of highly advanced technologies and host a number of hi-tech features to make our drive a pleasurable experience.
The modern morning In Auto Entertainment Techniques are usually parented with the straightforward Mobile entertainment method. The Cassette Gamer sperm Auto Stereo ended up being the 1st member of this loved ones. The method of hearing your favourite music while generating gained fast popularity as people pointed out that it might change trips directly into thrilling thoughts. Any form of leisure eliminates the dullness linked to lengthy highway trips as well as the initial and still the primarily form of leisure throughout autos is hearing music. A vehicle Audio system qualifies as the simple and mostly utilized in Auto Entertainment method. Modern-day Mobile entertainment techniques however perform far more than simply be a guitrist. They are able to in addition be a guitrist saved upon numerous devices in numerous platforms along with match with various various other devices too. With superior functions just like Wi-fi, Bluetooth, Universal series bus, Ipod touch online connectivity, Tyre Audio Control, Cell phone Connection, Remote control Device Connection, Television set etc., present day Mobile entertainment method offers by itself become a whole leisure method. Audio techniques throughout cars be a guitrist coming from Compact disks, Dvd videos, Audio cassettes along with Transportable Storage Devices. With superior online connectivity functions, you can match some other device just like Ipod touch, Cell phone etc. along with your Mobile entertainment Program and revel in combined functions just like using auto loudspeakers as a hands free device for the telephone. High-end audio techniques also have LCD along with TFT screens while certain audio techniques help GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) along with SatNav (Satellite Navigation) driving them to an important auto accessory. This kind of functions comprise crucial navigational gear which supports the driver throughout properly controlling paths. A decent quality mind unit combined with loudspeakers, amps along with subs could constitute a helpful Mobile entertainment Program able to produce very good music inside the car-cabin. Although just isn?t sufficient pertaining to today?s car or truck. A current accessory for the In Auto Entertainment Program has become gaming units and big rolltop displays inside the vacation cabin. A concept popularized by simply several TV shows concerning auto choices, it?s got captured the frenzy on this region. Generally video games along with screens are usually placed in a corner in the car or truck in order that it doesn?t pose as a thoughts to the car owner. Tv throughout autos is an additional feature which is rapidly gaining interest. Right now there would definitely be people that prefer to take the again seats along with capture their best Television set programs while you?re on the move. This is an accessory for the already established Disc And Dvd and blu-ray gamers throughout autos. Since all this functionality call for added electrical energy to run, most autos occur designed with capacitors and extra vitality storage devices that are utilised only to power the Glaciers techniques. If the auto athletics a lot of gadgetry and features any kind of leisure techniques yet absolutely no added power storage device, you should think of buying one or even get a dead battery pack. After that, excessive gear within your car or truck would likely bring about extra weight too. This will bring about minimal fuel economy or even gasoline consumption. You should think about this before you go pertaining to heavy-duty loudspeakers along with amps. You can also want to think about the fact that all leisure devices specifically visual types can be quite a thoughts while generating. Unless you are comfortable with thinking about becoming encompassed by multi-media devices as you generate, you ought not invest in one. Glaciers techniques are definitely the buzzword within the vehicle entire world right now along with upcoming enhancements to the idea is sure to deliver a lot more functions along with features producing each of our autos a lot more thrilling along with entertaining.
?The Lamar United Methodist Church Youth Group is preparing for a mission trip the group will be going on in early July.? The mission will begin on Sun. July 1, 2012 and continue throughout the first week of July. ??? Eight kids and three adult sponsors will be traveling to Daytona Beach Fla. on a mission trip through the organization Youth Works which is a nationwide Christian mission organization with missions in 72 different locations in the U.S. Canada and Puerto Rico. ??? The kids will be doing a series of fundraisers throughout the spring and early summer until they leave for their mission.? The group will be selling soda and snacks at most double-header high-school baseball games.? As well the group will be holding a fundraiser on Sun. April 1, 2012.? Following the morning worship services a soup lunch will be served in the great hall of the Lamar United Methodist Church starting at 11:30 a.m. ??? At the lunch green chili, red chili, and chicken noodle soup will be served, as well as drinks and dessert.? The group will be asking for donations at the lunch.? Also they will be holding a dessert auction.? Kameron Nolder will act as auctioneer. ??? Also the group is happy to accept all donations towards the kids mission trip in July.? Those de-siring can make donations by calling the Lamar United Methodist Church at (719) 336-9021.? You can also make donations by contacting Gail Schroeder at (719) 688-0609, or by contacting the Farm Bureau Insurance Peterson-Payne Agency at (719) 336-7000.
VATICAN CITY (AP) ? An already sordid scandal over leaked Vatican documents took a Hollywood-like turn Saturday with confirmation that the pope's own butler had been arrested after documents he had no business having were found in his Vatican City apartment.
The detention of butler Paolo Gabriele, one of the few members of the papal household, capped one of the most convulsive weeks in recent Vatican history and threw the Holy See into chaos as it enters a critical phase in its efforts to show the world it's serious about complying with international norms on financial transparency.
The tumult began with the publication last weekend of a book of leaked Vatican documents detailing power struggles, political intrigue and corruption in the highest levels of Catholic Church governance. It peaked with the inglorious ouster on Thursday of the president of the Vatican bank. And it concluded with confirmation Saturday that Pope Benedict XVI's own butler was the alleged mole feeding documents to Italian journalists in an apparent bid to discredit the pontiff's No. 2.
"If you wrote this in fiction you wouldn't believe it," said Carl Anderson, a member of the board of the Vatican bank which contributed to the tumult with its no-confidence vote in its president, Ettore Gotti Tedeschi. "No editor would let you put it in a novel."
The bank, known as the Institute for Religious Works, issued a scathing denunciation of Gotti Tedeschi in a memorandum obtained Saturday by The Associated Press. In it the bank, or IOR by its Italian initials, explained its reasons for ousting Gotti Tedeschi: he routinely missed board meetings, failed to do his job, failed to defend the bank, polarized its personnel and displayed "progressively erratic personal behavior."
Gotti Tedeschi was also accused by the board of leaking documents himself: The memorandum from the Institute for Religious Works, as the bank is known, said he "failed to provide any formal explanation for the dissemination of documents last known" to be in his possession.
In an interview with the AP, Anderson stressed that the latter accusation was independent of the broader "Vatileaks" scandal that has rocked the Vatican for months. But he stressed: "It is not an insignificant issue."
Gotti Tedeschi hasn't commented publicly about his ouster or the reasons behind it, saying he has too much admiration for the pope to do so. He also hasn't been arrested, avoiding the fate that befell Gabriele.
The 46-year-old father of three has been in Vatican detention since Wednesday after Vatican investigators discovered Holy See documents in his apartment. The Vatican spokesman, the Rev. Federico Lombardi, said Gabriele had met with his lawyers and that the investigation was taking its course through the Vatican's judicial system.
Gabriele, the pope's personal butler since 2006, has often been seen by Benedict's side in public, riding in the front seat of the pope's open-air jeep during Wednesday general audiences or shielding the pontiff from the rain. In private, he is a member of the small papal household that also includes the pontiff's private secretaries and four consecrated women who care for the papal apartment.
Lombardi said Gabriele's detention marked a sad development for all Vatican staff. "Everyone knows him in the Vatican, and there's certainly surprise and pain, and great affection for his beloved family," the spokesman said.
The "Vatileaks" scandal has seriously embarrassed the Vatican at a time when it is trying to show the world financial community that it has turned a page and shed its reputation as a scandal plagued tax haven.
Vatican documents leaked to the press in recent months have undermined that effort, alleging corruption in Vatican finance as well as internal bickering over the Holy See's efforts to comply with international norms to fight money laundering and terror financing.
The Vatican in July will learn if it has complied with the financial transparency criteria of a Council of Europe committee, Moneyval ? a key step in its efforts to get on the so-called "white list" of countries that share financial information to fight tax evasion.
Anderson acknowleged that the events of the last week certainly haven't cast the Holy See in the best light. And he said the bank's board appreciated that the ouster of its president just weeks before the expected Moneyval decision could give the committee pause.
"The board considered that concern and decided that all things considered it was best to take the action at this time," Anderson said. "These steps were taken to increase the IOR's position vis-a-vis Moneyval."
The Vatileaks scandal began in January when Italian journalist Gianluigi Nuzzi broadcast letters from the former No. 2 Vatican administrator to the pope in which he begged not to be transferred for having exposed alleged corruption that cost the Holy See millions of euros in higher contract prices. The prelate, Monsignor Carlo Maria Vigano, is now the Vatican's U.S. ambassador.
Nuzzi, author of "Vatican SpA," a 2009 volume laying out shady dealings of the Vatican bank based on leaked documents, last weekend published "His Holiness," which presented a trove of other documents including personal correspondence to the pope and his secretary ? many of them painting Benedict?s No. 2, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, in a negative light.
Nuzzi has said he was offered the documents by multiple Vatican sources and insisted he didn't pay a cent (euro) to any of them.
Gabriele was in Vatican custody and unavailable for comment. No known motive has come to light as to why Gabriele, if he is found to be the key mole, might have passed on the documents. Nuzzi declined to comment Saturday on whether Gabriele was among his sources.
Bertone, 77, has been blamed for a series of gaffes and management problems that have plagued Benedict's papacy and, according to the leaked documents, generated a not inconsiderable amount of ill will directed at him from other Vatican officials.
"For some time and in various parts of the church, criticism even by the faithful has been growing about the lack of coordination and confusion that reign at its center," Cardinal Paolo Sardi, the former No. 2 official in the Vatican secretariat of state, wrote to the pope in 2009, according to the letter cited in "His Holiness."
Anderson, who heads the Knights of Columbus, a major U.S. lay Catholic organization, said he was certain the Holy See would weather the storm and that the Vatican bank, at least, could move forward under a new leader with solid banking credentials as well as a desire to show off the bank's transparency.
"I hope this will be the beginning of a new chapter for the IOR and part of that chapter will be restoring the public image of the IOR," he told AP. "I think we have a good story to tell."
___
Follow Nicole Winfield at www.twitter.com/nwinfield
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T cells 'hunt' parasites like animal predators seek prey, a Penn Vet-Penn Physics study revealsPublic release date: 27-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Katherine Unger Baillie kbaillie@upenn.edu 215-898-9194 University of Pennsylvania
PHILADELPHIA By pairing an intimate knowledge of immune-system function with a deep understanding of statistical physics, a cross-disciplinary team at the University of Pennsylvania has arrived at a surprising finding: T cells use a movement strategy to track down parasites that is similar to strategies that predators such as monkeys, sharks and blue-fin tuna use to hunt their prey.
With this new insight into immune-cell movement patterns, scientists will be able to create more accurate models of immune-system function, which may, in turn, inform novel approaches to combat diseases from cancer to HIV/AIDS to arthritis.
The research involved a unique collaboration between the laboratories of senior authors Christopher Hunter, professor and chair of the Pathobiology Department in Penn's School of Veterinary Medicine, and Andrea Liu, the Hepburn Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Penn Vet postdoctoral researcher Tajie Harris and physics graduate student Edward Banigan also played leading roles in the research.
The study, which will be published in the journal Nature, was conducted in mice infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This single-celled pathogen is a common cause of infection in humans and animals; as much as a third of the world's population has a dormant form of this infection present in the brain. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing organ transplantation, this infection can have serious consequences, including brain inflammation and even death.
Earlier work had shown that T cells a key immune-cell type are central in preventing disease caused by T. gondii. In the new study, the Penn researchers used the infected mice as a natural model system to learn how the movement of T cells in the brain affects the body's ability to control this infection.
Among immunologists, it's widely believed that the movement of immune cells is governed in part by signaling proteins called chemokines. The Penn-led team demonstrated that a specific chemokine, CXCL10, and its receptor were abundantly produced in the brains of T. gondii-infected mice. When CXCL10 was blocked, mice had fewer T cells, a greater parasite burden and actively reproducing parasites.
Next the researchers sought to pinpoint the exact movement patterns of individual T cells in living tissue from T. gondii-infected mice. This was possible with multi-photon imaging, a technique that relies on a refined yet powerful microscope that can display living tissues in three dimensions in real time. Using this approach, the team found that CXCL10 appeared to play a role in the speed at which T cells are able to search for and control infection.
To the extent that immunologists had considered T-cell movement patterns at all, many assumed that they moved in a highly directed fashion to find infected cells. But when the researchers analyzed the movement of T cells, they found their data did not match what would be expected: the T cells showed no directed motion.
That's where the statistical physics expertise of Liu and Banigan came in.
"We looked at a much more complete way to quantify these tracks and found that the standard model didn't fit at all," Liu said. "After some work we managed to find a model that did fit the tracks beautifully."
"The model that finally led us down the right path," Banigan said, "had a strong signature of something really interesting," a model known as a Lvy walk.
This "walk," or a mathematically characterized path, tends to have many short "steps" and occasional long "runs." The model was not fully consistent with the data, however.
"Rather, I had to look at variations on the Lvy walk model," Banigan said, because the researchers also observed that the T cells paused between steps and runs. Like the movements of the cells, the pauses were usually short but occasionally long.
Hunter likened the model to a strategy a person might employ to find misplaced keys in the house.
"When you lose your keys, how do you go about looking for them? You look in one place for a while, then move to another place and look there," he said.
"What that leads to is a much more efficient way of finding things," Liu said.
And, indeed, when the team modeled the generalized Lvy strategy against other strategies, they confirmed that the Lvy walk was a more efficient technique to find rare targets. That makes sense for T cells, which have to locate sparsely distributed parasites in a sea of mostly normal tissue.
Interestingly, T cells are not alone in employing a Lvy-type strategy to find their targets. Several animal predators move in a similar way with many short-distance movements interspersed with occasional longer-distance moves to find their prey. The strategy seems particularly common among marine predators, including tuna, sharks, zooplankton, sea turtles and penguins, though terrestrial species like spider monkeys and honeybees may use the same approach to locate rare resources.
This parallel with animal predators also makes sense because parasites, like prey species, have evolved to evade detection.
"Many pathogens know how to hide, so T cells are not able to move directly to their target," Hunter said. "The T cell actually needs to go into an area and then see if there's anything there."
The model is also relevant to cancer and other immune-mediated diseases, Hunter noted.
"Instead of looking for a parasite, these T cells could be looking for a cancer cell," he said. By knowing what controls T cell movement, "you might be able to devise strategies to make the T cells more efficient at finding those cells."
On the physics side, while the Lvy-walk model is not new, the fact that T cells pause in between their steps or runs is something that hadn't been recognized before when mapping the paths in other contexts.
"From a physics point of view, to have runs and pauses is a new model," Liu said. "Biological phenomena can illustrate what we wouldn't have thought about otherwise."
The Penn collaborators are working to plot the tracks of other cell types and credit their unique partnership for their discovery.
"We've said all along that this study could only happen because [our physics colleagues] had such a great expertise and we had our own separate expertise," Tajie Harris said. "They took a chance working with us, and it turned out to be something really rewarding."
###
Additional Penn contributors to this study included Penn Vet's David Christian, Christoph Konradt, Elia Tait Wojno and Beena John.
The Penn team partnered on the work with Kazumi Norose of Chiba University in Japan; Emma Wilson of the University of California, Riverside; Wolfgang Weninger of the Sydney Medical School; and Andrew Luster of Massachusetts General Hospital.
The study was supported by the University of Pennsylvania, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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T cells 'hunt' parasites like animal predators seek prey, a Penn Vet-Penn Physics study revealsPublic release date: 27-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Katherine Unger Baillie kbaillie@upenn.edu 215-898-9194 University of Pennsylvania
PHILADELPHIA By pairing an intimate knowledge of immune-system function with a deep understanding of statistical physics, a cross-disciplinary team at the University of Pennsylvania has arrived at a surprising finding: T cells use a movement strategy to track down parasites that is similar to strategies that predators such as monkeys, sharks and blue-fin tuna use to hunt their prey.
With this new insight into immune-cell movement patterns, scientists will be able to create more accurate models of immune-system function, which may, in turn, inform novel approaches to combat diseases from cancer to HIV/AIDS to arthritis.
The research involved a unique collaboration between the laboratories of senior authors Christopher Hunter, professor and chair of the Pathobiology Department in Penn's School of Veterinary Medicine, and Andrea Liu, the Hepburn Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Penn Vet postdoctoral researcher Tajie Harris and physics graduate student Edward Banigan also played leading roles in the research.
The study, which will be published in the journal Nature, was conducted in mice infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This single-celled pathogen is a common cause of infection in humans and animals; as much as a third of the world's population has a dormant form of this infection present in the brain. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing organ transplantation, this infection can have serious consequences, including brain inflammation and even death.
Earlier work had shown that T cells a key immune-cell type are central in preventing disease caused by T. gondii. In the new study, the Penn researchers used the infected mice as a natural model system to learn how the movement of T cells in the brain affects the body's ability to control this infection.
Among immunologists, it's widely believed that the movement of immune cells is governed in part by signaling proteins called chemokines. The Penn-led team demonstrated that a specific chemokine, CXCL10, and its receptor were abundantly produced in the brains of T. gondii-infected mice. When CXCL10 was blocked, mice had fewer T cells, a greater parasite burden and actively reproducing parasites.
Next the researchers sought to pinpoint the exact movement patterns of individual T cells in living tissue from T. gondii-infected mice. This was possible with multi-photon imaging, a technique that relies on a refined yet powerful microscope that can display living tissues in three dimensions in real time. Using this approach, the team found that CXCL10 appeared to play a role in the speed at which T cells are able to search for and control infection.
To the extent that immunologists had considered T-cell movement patterns at all, many assumed that they moved in a highly directed fashion to find infected cells. But when the researchers analyzed the movement of T cells, they found their data did not match what would be expected: the T cells showed no directed motion.
That's where the statistical physics expertise of Liu and Banigan came in.
"We looked at a much more complete way to quantify these tracks and found that the standard model didn't fit at all," Liu said. "After some work we managed to find a model that did fit the tracks beautifully."
"The model that finally led us down the right path," Banigan said, "had a strong signature of something really interesting," a model known as a Lvy walk.
This "walk," or a mathematically characterized path, tends to have many short "steps" and occasional long "runs." The model was not fully consistent with the data, however.
"Rather, I had to look at variations on the Lvy walk model," Banigan said, because the researchers also observed that the T cells paused between steps and runs. Like the movements of the cells, the pauses were usually short but occasionally long.
Hunter likened the model to a strategy a person might employ to find misplaced keys in the house.
"When you lose your keys, how do you go about looking for them? You look in one place for a while, then move to another place and look there," he said.
"What that leads to is a much more efficient way of finding things," Liu said.
And, indeed, when the team modeled the generalized Lvy strategy against other strategies, they confirmed that the Lvy walk was a more efficient technique to find rare targets. That makes sense for T cells, which have to locate sparsely distributed parasites in a sea of mostly normal tissue.
Interestingly, T cells are not alone in employing a Lvy-type strategy to find their targets. Several animal predators move in a similar way with many short-distance movements interspersed with occasional longer-distance moves to find their prey. The strategy seems particularly common among marine predators, including tuna, sharks, zooplankton, sea turtles and penguins, though terrestrial species like spider monkeys and honeybees may use the same approach to locate rare resources.
This parallel with animal predators also makes sense because parasites, like prey species, have evolved to evade detection.
"Many pathogens know how to hide, so T cells are not able to move directly to their target," Hunter said. "The T cell actually needs to go into an area and then see if there's anything there."
The model is also relevant to cancer and other immune-mediated diseases, Hunter noted.
"Instead of looking for a parasite, these T cells could be looking for a cancer cell," he said. By knowing what controls T cell movement, "you might be able to devise strategies to make the T cells more efficient at finding those cells."
On the physics side, while the Lvy-walk model is not new, the fact that T cells pause in between their steps or runs is something that hadn't been recognized before when mapping the paths in other contexts.
"From a physics point of view, to have runs and pauses is a new model," Liu said. "Biological phenomena can illustrate what we wouldn't have thought about otherwise."
The Penn collaborators are working to plot the tracks of other cell types and credit their unique partnership for their discovery.
"We've said all along that this study could only happen because [our physics colleagues] had such a great expertise and we had our own separate expertise," Tajie Harris said. "They took a chance working with us, and it turned out to be something really rewarding."
###
Additional Penn contributors to this study included Penn Vet's David Christian, Christoph Konradt, Elia Tait Wojno and Beena John.
The Penn team partnered on the work with Kazumi Norose of Chiba University in Japan; Emma Wilson of the University of California, Riverside; Wolfgang Weninger of the Sydney Medical School; and Andrew Luster of Massachusetts General Hospital.
The study was supported by the University of Pennsylvania, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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Public release date: 27-May-2012
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